Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) was a German-born American political philosopher and one of the most original thinkers of the twentieth century. Born into a secular Jewish family, she studied under Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers before fleeing Nazi Germany in 1933. After years as a stateless refugee in Paris, she emigrated to the United States in 1941. Her first major work, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), traced the roots of Nazism and Stalinism through imperialism, antisemitism, and the collapse of the nation-state. The Human Condition (1958) analyzed the fundamental categories of human activity—labor, work, and action—and argued that political action is the highest expression of human freedom. Her most controversial work grew out of covering the 1961 Eichmann trial, where she coined "the banality of evil" to describe how ordinary bureaucrats could participate in monstrous crimes through thoughtlessness and conformity rather than demonic conviction. This concept provoked fierce debate but fundamentally reshaped understanding of moral responsibility and the nature of evil.